Long before the United States ... free essay sample

Long before the United States had its freedom from Great Britain, women have been fighting to have the same equal rights as men. This paper focuses on the Womens Suffrage Movement which was an outgrowth of the Womens Rights Movement that began in the United States in 1848 at the Seneca Falls Womens Convention and goes through the 1920s and the ratification of the 19th Amendment, which gave women the right to vote. I will also discuss several groups and organizations that assisted and supported their endeavors to bring about change as well as, give my own personal reaction to this movement. (1, 2, 3, 4) The first Womens Conference was held in Seneca Falls, New York in July 1848, this meeting kicked off the Womens Suffrage Movement and was under the control of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott with input from Martha Coffin Wright, Mary Ann MClintock and Jane Hunt. We will write a custom essay sample on Long before the United States or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The convention was held to discuss the rights of women, particularly their social, civil and religious rights. Stanton and Mott had previously met at the 1840 World Anti-Slavery Convention in London. While at the convention, it was ruled that women were unfit for public and business meetings and they were barred from the floor (Lewis, 2017). This infuriated the two, and was the founding force of the Womens Movement in the United States. The Womens Movement was also developed from several social reform groups such as the temperance movement, social purity and the abolition of slavery. During this time, women realized if they expected to see changes for their causes, they would need to form their own organizations, dealing specifically with the rights of women. Therefore, at the home of Elizabeth Cady Stanton, near Seneca Falls, Stanton and Mott along with several other women, sent out a message by word of mouth and by a publication in the newspaper that a meeting would be he ld to discuss the rights of women. The meeting drew widespread attention, and contributed to unifying women of the time around a number of issues that were viewed as fundamental rights. (3) During the first Womens Conference, the Declaration of Sentiments and Grievances, drafted by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, was read. The document was based on the Declaration of Independence and stated that women and men are created equal and therefore women should have legal and social equality with men, including voting rights. This declaration put into writing the inequality women in the United States had been facing for years, as well as called for women to petition and stand up for their rights. On the second day of the convention, the day men were allowed to attend, The Declaration of Sentiments and Grievances was adopted by the assembly. Twelve resolutions, which called for equal rights for women were passed. Some of these included, property rights, equality in divorce, access to higher education, the right to participate and b e represented in government, employment equality, and voting rights (Cokely, 2017). The only resolution that did not immediately pass was the one that called for womens suffrage, allowing women the right to vote. After a long debate, that included the support of Frederick Douglas, the resolution passed. The passage of this last resolution that called for allowing women to vote, was met with much backlash. Some supporters of womens rights even revoked their support over the passage of this resolution. This movement marked the beginning of the womens suffrage movement in the United States. The womens suffrage movement felt strongly that women should have equal voting rights as men and that no individual should be denied the right to vote based on sex, race, or color. (4) Many womens conventions were held and organizations formed, in the coming years that supported womens suffrage as well as, many other rights for women. These organizations and conventions not only gained notice but also brought about change. In 1850, the first National Womens Rights Convention was held in Worcester, Massachusetts. The meeting attracted over 1,000 participants. This meeting set a standard and established a committee which marked the start of organized work for womens rights. By this time womens suffrage was a large part of the movement. The National Womens Rights convention continued to be held yearly until 1860 (Imbornoni).(2, 4)In 1869, two womens suffrage organizations were formed. The first was the National Woman Suffrage Organization, which was formed by Elizabeth Stanton and Susan B. Anthony. They were a radical organization that sought to have an amendment ratified for womens suffrage. The other organization, The American Womens Suffrage Organization, led by Lucy Stone, was more on the conservative side and sought each state to grant women the privilege of voting. The two organizations differed on their views of the 15th Amendment, which granted African American men the right to vote. The National Woman Suffrage Association objected to the 15th Amendment. They believed if black men were allowed to vote, women should be allowed to do so too. The American Womens Suffrage Organization supported the amendment they believed that women would win the vote soon. Eventually the two combined forced to form the National American Womens Suffrage Organization in 1890 (National, 2016).(4, 5) In an effort to gain attention to womens suffrage, in 1872, in Rochester, New York, Susan B Anthony, along with 15 other women demanded to register and vote in the presidential election. During this time, women were not allowed to vote in New York and their requested was refused. The women registered and cast their ballet anyway and two weeks later were arrested. A year later, they were found guilty of illegal voting (Peck, 1989). Although she was arrested, convicted and fined, she refused to pay the fine and the case was dropped. Eventually the determination of these women, began to wear down the government and several states began to allow women to vote. Wyoming became the first in 1869, Colorado in 1893, Utah in 1895 and Idaho in 1896 (Lewis, 2017). The voting boundaries for women were greatly expanding. (2,4) In 1916, the National Womans Party, led by Alice Paul and Lucy Burns, felt they needed to handle the matter of womens suffrage with a more extreme approach than past parties. After meeting with President Woodrow Wilson, and having the matter of womens suffrage dismissed. In an effort to gain public attention and bring about change, members of this party marched, staged civil disobedience acts and even picketed the White House (Woman, 2010). During these acts of disobedience, several were arrested for picketing and blocking traffic. (5) In 1917, World War I began, and women contributed at home to the war effort, which also helped end the remaining resistance to womens suffrage. By 1919, 37 states had given women suffrage or partial suffrage. In 1920, the womens suffrage amendment, the 19th Amendment, was ratified. This ratification gave American women the right to vote, and ended almost a century of struggle (Seneca, 2010). (5) Prior to the womens movement and its outgrowth, the womens suffrage movement, women were looked down upon, politically, socially and economically. They were denied many basic rights and viewed as less than men. Many people during this time believe that a womans role was to clean, cook and care for her family. Educational opportunities were lacking, they had few job opportunities, their pay was very low, and a lot of the time they were working in hazardous conditions. They were severely discriminated against and denied many rights such as voting. Once women began to be involved in reform movements, it inspired other women to do so as well and to fight for equal rights as men. The movements opened many doors for women and ultimately challenged womens place in society. It also gave women a voice to make a difference in the world around them, something they had never experienced before. They formed Organizations and leagues that helped themselves and other women in the United States obtain equal rights and suffrage. The 19th Amendment granted women suffrage and with that, the opportunity to have a part in public affairs of society through political and civil avenues. The passing of this amendment gave them a voice in public elections, by granting them the right to vote. The womens suffrage movement, along with the womens rights movement, ultimately changed the world for women today. Today women can vote, own property, have a career, pursue an education and pretty much achieve whatever goals they set for themselves. (6)Changes that took place due to the womens movement and the suffrage movement can be attributed to several hard working, determined women who pushed and pushed and never gave up on the dream of equal rights for women. Although women such as Susan B Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott were not actually deemed social workers during this time, by todays standards, today they would have most likely been. They signed and circulated petitions, made speeches, publically advocated for equal womens rights and suffrage in state legislature, womens conventions and womens social organizations, marched in parades, picketed and s taged civil events and argued for their cause. It was a very long and difficult battle which consisted of many challenging factors for women, specifically obtaining suffrage. Each woman who participated, was committed to the enfranchisement of American women. They were committed to changing society and making a better world for themselves and future generations of women. (7) As a woman myself, I am extremely grateful to these women, who many years ago, stood against social standards that were holding women back. Their efforts made it so women today have the freedom to vote, own property, have careers, obtain an education, receive fair wages and so much more. One of the biggest reasons I have chosen this subject to write about is so I can become better informed about what exactly these brave, courageous women of the past did to make a difference not only in their own lives but in the lives of so many future generations of women. These women, stood strong on their beliefs, gained the attention of the government and the United States population and changed history for so many women. The battle was not easy, but they continued onward and in the end wer e victorious. In this essay, I have focused on the womens suffrage movement which sprang from the womens rights movement that began at the Seneca Falls Womens Rights Convention in 1848, and ended with the ratification of the 19th Amendment that granted American women voting rights. I have also discussed several groups and organizations that assisted and took action to support them in their endeavors to bring about change. Lastly, I have given my personal reaction to this particular movement.

Trap-Ease America Essays

Trap-Ease America Essays Trap-Ease America Paper Trap-Ease America Paper Has Martha identified the best target market for Trap-Ease? In other to ascertain whether Martha has identified the best target market for Trap-Ease we will look at what is a market and what does target markets involves. A market is the set of actual and possible buyers of a product or services and marketing involves the process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging products and values with each other. Before targeting a market segmentation has to take place. The division of a market into different homogeneous groups of consumers is known as market segmentation. Rather than offer the same marketing mix to vastly different customers, market segmentation makes it possible for firms to tailor the marketing mix for specific market, thus better satisfying customer needs. A market segment should be: -measurable -accessibly by communication and distribution channels -different in its response to a marketing mix -durable -substantial enough to be profitable The four primary bases on which markets are segmented are: geographic – this is based on regional variables such as region, climate, population density, and population growth rate -demographic – is based on variables such as age, gender, ethnicity, education, occupation, income and family status -psychographic – based on variables such as values, attitudes, and lifestyle -behavioral – based on variables such as usage rate and patterns, price sensitivity, brand loyal ty and benefits sought When the market has been segmented the firm now has to choose its target market. A target market is a set of buyers who share a common need or characteristic that the company decides to serve. The firm does that by evaluating the attractiveness of the segment and the fit between the segment and the firm’s objectives, resources, and capabilities. Martha has chosen women as its target market but Martha has to consider whether the woman is the decision maker when it comes to home improvement items like mousetraps. Martha could try targeting males. The men who see it as their role/duty to deal with pest control in the home thus protecting the women from the gruesome nature that is usually involves in the process. In the case of Trap-Ease the mouse maybe trap alive in the trap and women may not want to deal with that aspect but the man may have no problem of disposing the trap with a live mouse. Businesses such as offices and warehouses are another option Martha may wish to consider. Business owners who need to safeguard their supplies and equipment can well be served by the Trap-Ease. Martha should appeal to these people showing them the benefit of using the Trap-Ease instead of poison or the traditional mousetrap. One of the benefit is when poison is used the mice may end up dead anywhere and stink up the office environment before it is found whereas the Trap-Ease you would know exactly where you place it and can dispose of it in a timely manner. The food service industry such as restaurant, canteens is yet another market Martha can target. The food service industry has to maintain certain health standards one of which is maintaining a pest free environment. Martha can show them the benefit of using the Trap-Ease to achieve these standards thus better serving their customers and at the same time protect their food supplies, ingredients and their business from being infected by mice. Pest control companies would make a great target market for Martha. These companies specialize in finding solutions for their customers and Martha needs to convince them that Trap-Ease would be a great product for their clients. Since a rancher invented the Trap-Ease, ranchers could be a target market because it seems that the inventor was having a problem with mice and other ancher like him can be experiencing the same problem. Martha could use the retired rancher to reach this target market. Describe the current marketing mix for Trap-ease. Do you see any problems with this mix? Marketing mix are the variables that mangers can control in order to best satisfy customers in the target market. A typical marketing mix includes the product offered at price, with some promotion to tell customers about the product and a way to reach the customers’ place. This is often referred to as the 4P’s: Product, Price, Place and Promotion. The product is the physical product or service offered to the consumer. Price is the amount of money the customers have to pay obtain the product. Promotion represents the various aspects of communicating information about he product with the goal of generating a positive customer response. Place is about getting the products to the target customers. The following table summaries the marketing mix, including a list of the aspect of each of the 4Ps. ProductPricePlacePromotion FunctionalityAppearanceQualityPackagingBrandWarrantService/SupportList PriceDiscountAllowancesFinancingLeasing optionsChannel membersChannel motivationMarket coverageLocationsLogisticsService levelsAdvertisingPersonal sellingPublic relationsMessageMediaBudget The marketing mix for Trap-Ease is: Product:Trap-Ease innovative mousetrap Price:Retail = $2. 49 Place: Large Retailers, Safeway, Kmart, Hechingers CB Drugs Promotion:Trade shows, Home-and-Shelter style magazines, Publicity. The Trap-Ease is an above average product that provides a much needed customer solution. There is no variety in the packaging therefore customers do not have a choice as whether they want a package with one or two. There is no mechanism to ascertain whether customers are satisfied with the product. The price is very high when compared to its closest competitors and from the customer’s point of view that may not be worth the added value in the product itself. The retailers are given no motivation to sell the product in their stores and no incentive is offered to entice consumer to purchase. Promotion is one in a medium that is not communicating the message to the correct targeted market. Women are a small segment of the total â€Å"hardware† customers. Good housekeeping and other home and shelter magazines may not appeal to many persons in the targeted market. As it stands right now the product has to sell itself because limited advertising is being as a result the public may not be aware of the product. There is not sufficient communication between Martha and customer or potential customers. Trap-Ease is located in the top hardware, grocery and drug chains; this is not offering enough market coverage. Transportation of orders to retailers is not being done in a timely manner. The Trap-Ease is not sufficiently expose to the customer. The proximity of the stores where the product is sold in relation to where the customers are maybe impacting on the availability of the product to consumers. How would you change Trap-Ease’s marketing strategy? What kind of control procedures would you establish for this strategy? I would use the product innovative aspect to promote it to a larger potential clientele. I would change the fact the design just a little to ensure that once the mouse is trap it dies instantly or offer the customer a choice of purchasing one where the mouse dies instantly or it is caught alive. I would also look into the possibility of packaging the Trap-Ease with the bait as part of the package. Customer may only need one Trap therefore I would offer packages of one and packages of two. I would lower the price for the initial market penetration. This will help to increase sales by attracting new customers or attract them from the traditional product. Once

Effective Selling-Sales Report Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Effective Selling-Sales Report - Research Paper Example Apparently, the information about the design service is derived from the Company’s research department. The department is mandated to do thorough research on the type of designs that are found in the global market and those that are most preferred and common. Designs such as Florida, Bore, and Luxe are the ancient in the market, although there are other upcoming designs. As such, the company is at a better position to provide customized designs as per clients’ preferences.   Designing service revolves around numerous design types to work and the design process. Firstly, the client should come up with the design types that they wan design for them. In case, they do not have their preferences then the company is mandated to give consultation on the various designs in the market and those that are linked with the construction projects that have been carried out.Secondly, the company’s design process involves budget planning, spacing planning, interior detailing, m illwork, Furniture & Fabric, window treatments, finishing touches and exterior details. The most important part of design process is budget planning where the company   encourages the client to   give much thought   to the process, where discussion   is anticipated on   how to spend on the   whole project.   Additionally, the budget planning entails a set fee which has diverse types of design process. This set fee allows the company to be at the service of the client company without having to accrue hourly charges.

Public art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Public art - Essay Example According to Baca (89), modernity has it that art is no longer representation of abstract issues, rather, there are deep meanings embedded in them. Symbolism has to be taken into account when making any form of art, and especially public art (Baca, 89). In this art, the meaning is extension of the fight for equality and no segregation. Rosa Park was a real symbol of war against segregation, and by honoring her with a sculpture; the artists were keen on making her efforts resurface. Half a century ago, Rosa Park could stand against any form of inequality, segregation and injustices. She was a humble, courageous and quite a humble woman and in the circles of civil rights movement, she still represents their fight. She is placed right in the middle of a public area, and this means that she will revoke memories of civil rights movements in the past. This public art has a representation with the site. The site is public and therefore the aim intended by the artists is public. The bus station where she is placed can attract all people of different races, colors, social status and ethnicity. She is placed in such a place to show that what she fought for was for the benefits of all and not just one race, one generation or one social class. The more than $60,000 bronze statue represents not only issues of the past, but realities of the

Examines one of the following charactersHester Prynne, Rev. Arthur Essay

Examines one of the following charactersHester Prynne, Rev. Arthur Dimmesdale, Pearl Prynne, or Roger Chillingworth - Essay Example Additionally, to further quotes will be analyzed with regard to academic literature and the way in which Rev. Dimmesdale can be understood. Accordingly, it is the hope of this author that such a unit of analysis will be beneficial definitive and concise representation of what Rev. Dimmesdale truly representative. As a man of Biblical learning and intelligence that was respected greatly within the community, administer suffers from a continual denial of who he represents. Additionally, the continual inward struggle that is represented is effectively encapsulated within the Rev. Dimmesdale’s sermon, â€Å"At the great judgment day,† whispered the minister—and, strangely enough, the sense that he was a professional teacher of truth impelled him to answer the child so. â€Å"Then, and there, before the judgment seat, thy mother, and thou, and I, must stand together. But the daylight of this world shall not see our meeting† (Hawthorne 92)! As can adequately be seen, Dimmesdale lacks the moral fortitude of approaching the issue of his love and lust with the congregation that so adulates and adores him. Instead, he seeks to understand and interpret the final judgment as something that will be between God and the individual. One of scholars that examined Dimmesdaleâ€℠¢s duplicity and the following to say, â€Å"Dimmesdale represents a dichotomy of confusion between that which is expected that which is natural within his own frame of understanding† (Hunt 28). It is this continual difficulty that continues to define the way in which Rev. Dimmesdale understands the world around them. The second would be utilized at Dimmesdale’s cowardice has to do with the way in which he interacts with his lover. Says Dimmesdale, â€Å"Happy are you, Hester, that wear the scarlet letter openly upon your bosom! Mine burns in secret! Thou little knowest what a relief it is, after the torment of a seven years cheat, to look into an eye that recognizes me

Marxist And Leninist Perspectives On Colonialism History Essay

Marxist And Leninist Perspectives On Colonialism History Essay Colonialism can be defined as the control that a country or government holds over the territory and the people in a foreign country. It can also be defined as the practice of one country acquiring full or partial political control over another country. It is the establishment, maintenance, acquisition and expansion of colonies of one country in another. Also, colonialism is a term which refers to the settlement of colonies and migrates there as inhabitants. It is where a powerful country takes over a less powerful country and begins to rule that country as theirs. Colonialism and imperialism are often used inter changeably, but they are two different words having different meaning. As both colonialism and imperialism means political and economic domination of the other scholars often find it hard to differentiate the two. Although both words discuss suppression of the other, colonialism is where one nation assumes control over the other and imperialism refers to political or economic control either formally or informally. Colonialism can be thought to be a practice and imperialism as the idea driving the practice. It is also a term where a country conquers and rules over other regions. It means exploiting the resources of the resources of the conquered country for the benefit of conqueror. Karl Marx and Lenin had different views on colonialism but they both support democracy and equality. Karl Marx views colonialism as a major moment in the historical process of primitive accumulation and therefore as a precondition for the domination of the capitalist mode of production. Karl Marx influenced colonialism both post colonialism and anti colonialism. Karl Marx influenced the anti colonial independence movement around the world and the post colonial theory. Karl Marx analyzed colonialism as a progressive force which brings modernization to a society that is feudal. He also discussed how the British colonialism made impact on the Indians. Karl Marx mentioned the Indians as a feudal society who experienced modernization but in a painful manner or way. Karl Marx believed that that colonialism did not automatically lead to the prevalence of the capitalist mode of production in the colonies, since the latter as well as capital accumulation have for their fundamental condition the annihilation of that private property which rests on the labor of the individual himself. Karl Marx considered colonialism to be an indispensable feature of imperialism. The obstacle that the internal of pre-capitalist mode of production oppose to the solvent effect of trade is apparent in the English commerce with India and China. These social obstacles to capitalism advances more rapidly to wealth and greatness than any other human society. Whereas in colonies inhabited by barbarous nations was actually more difficult to displace the natives. Karl Marx used oriental despotism to describe a class domination that used the states power of taxation in order to extract resources from the peasantry. According to Marx, oriental despotism emerged in India because agricultural productivity depended on large scale public works. According to Karl Marx he said that the first stage of human development is personal dependence. He believed that every individual should be independent on his or her own. He believed that should be able to do what they want to do on their own without being controlled by someone else. Karl Marx also talked about the sufferings brought during the transition from feudal to bourgeois society while insisting that the transition is both necessary and ultimately progressive. He said that the penetration of foreign commerce will cause a social revolution in India. This had both negative and positive consequences according to Marx. Karl Marx argued that colonial control was necessary not as a means of excluding rival industrial nations. Karl also stressed the importance of the colonial states for transforming those non-capitalist modes whose political level was crucial for their reproduction. Imperialism is thus a tendency to expansion of a developed capitalist power, a tendency created in the last instance by economic processes, but also supported by political and ideological process. Some events like the World War II, show that it was not the economically most developed capitalist country which challenged the British colonial imperialist supremacy, but an imperialist country mainly motivated by national claims against its neighboring states. After the World War II and the national liberation movements which followed, most former colonies won their national independence, which led to the dissolution of empires and to the end of colonialism. Marxist approaches to imperialism consider, though that ex-colonies and developing countries are still subordinated to imperialist countries through dependency relations. The dependence created by colonialism is still manifested in all the key spheres of the developing countries economic life. According to Lenin, he defined the struggle for national independence in colonies as essential for these colonies, as the only political course of action which could bring an end to oppression and economic misery. He also defined these struggles as inherently progressive, as the politics of the struggles of working people for social justice and showed why such anti-colonial struggles would win. In the year 1915 to 1916 argued that colonial liberation struggles were important components of the worldwide revolutionary process and he declared his conviction that many of them would succeed during the lifetime of capitalism. In the year 1917 until the end of his active life, Lenin adopted his fully matured theory of liberation in the colonial world. Lenins theory influenced the world decolonization process. Lenin stated in his theory that colonial liberation movement would succeed in the era of imperialism, that they were progressive and that they would not be bourgeois nationalist to the extent that exploited and revolutionary socialists provided them with directions. Lenin also demanded of all revolutionary socialists that they fight for the liberation of all colonies and any party in any colony-owning country which did not fight strongly for the liberation of its countrys colonies would be excluded for the international. Lenin also argued that support for colonial liberation was a direct support for the worlds revolution. As late as 1916, Lenin still hoped that it might be possible to unite political movement in colonies and the countries which own these colonies. Lenin later abandoned this vision and never returned to it. After the year 1916, Lenin never suggested not even once that that working class parties in colonies should be fused to those in the colonizing country, except as they fused into a single international. Karl Marx and Lenin taught that colonialism resulted from the same logic that drove the economic development and modernization in Europe. Lenin was skeptical of theories which placed undue emphasis of the unified global nature of capitalism which underplay the role of nations and states. He showed that capitalism cannot be reduced to the economy, by ignoring the state or the political and ideological relations of power. He emphasized that the nation state is an important influence on the way economies are organized in the normal course of capitalist development and that there are important economic forces propelling the reproduction of nation states. Capitalist power over the working classes is at the same time economic, political and ideological and it is condensed by the capitalist state in each national social formation. Lenin thought that the articulation and intertwining of all existing capitalist powers, each of which possesses a different strength and development level. It forms the worlds imperialist chain, the weakest link of which was Russia in 1917. Lenin suggested that imperialism is a permanent relationship structuring the interactions between two types of countries. Although imperialism took the form of military competition between capitalist countries, it would result in collusion between capitalist interests to maintain a stable system of exploitation of the non-developed world.

Flannery OConnors A Good Man Is Hard To Find :: essays research papers

In her short story "A Good Man is Hard to Find† Flannery O'Connor's seems to portray a feeling that society as she saw it was drastically changing for the worse. O'Connor's obvious displeasure with society at the time is most likely a result of her Catholic religion and her very conservative upbringing in the ‘old south.’ She seems to depict her opinion in this particular story by using the character of the grandmother to show what she saw was happening to the times. Evidence of society's "demise" is woven into the story, and presented through an interesting generation gap between the grandmother and her family. The grandmother is representative of devoutness and Christianity which O'Connor apparently believed to be more prevalent in the "glamorous" Old South. Attention to prim detail separated the grandmother from the rest of her family who seemed to be living in a different world than she. As she organized herself in preparation for the trip, her family was described as rather common people living in a frusturated middle class world. O’Connor described the old woman as she settled herself comfortably, removing her white cotton gloves and putting them up with her purse on the shelf in front of the back window. The children's mother still had on slacks and still had her head tied up in a green kerchief but the grandmother had on a navy blue straw sailor hat with a bunch of white violets on the brim and a navy blue dress with a small white dot in the print. Her collar and cuffs were white organdy trimmed with lace, and at her neckline she had pinned a purple spray of cloth violets containing a sachet. In case of an accident, anyone seeing her dead on the highway would know at once she was a lady. The parents pay little attention to the grandmother and when they do, they are often quite rude. The unruly children are representative of the breakdown of respect, and discipline, and are consequently a forecast of future generations. They constantly demean the grandmother and at one point, June Star even complains that her grandmother has to go everywhere they go right to her face. O’Connor seems to be illustrating not only how times are changing, but how the future generations have no respect for thier precedents. The Misfit represents evil. At one point the Misfit likens himself to Christ, in that they both were punished for crimes they did not commit. Christ accepted death for the sins of all people, however. The Misfit is in a constant battle against his fate that he sees

Juvenile Delinquency and Parenting Styles Essay

There are four different techniques to parent a child; authoritarian, permissive, neglectful, and authoritative. Juvenile delinquency has been found to be closely related to the type of parenting and support a child receives and is most critical in the earlier years of one’s adolescence. Authoritarian is a very strict, controlling, punitive, and cold parenting style. This particular style follows with high control and mature demands, and low nurturance, as well as communication. The child of an authoritarian parent turns out to be subdued, highly aggressive, out of control; they also typically have lower grades including a low self-concept. The second parenting style is a permissive parent. Permissive parents tend to be very lax and inconsistent allowing for a zero-limit approach. Permissive parents display high nurturance, and low maturity demands, control and communication. Children of a permissive parent tend to be more aggressive, immature with peers, and less responsible/independent. Neglectful parenting is the third parenting style and one of the most negative and dangerous. Neglectful parents show no interest in their children, and emotionally as well as physically reject their children. Parents of neglect tend to show low control; if any, and the negative results show up in lack of social relationships, impulsiveness, and sociopathic tendencies. Juveniles who are especially young (under age seven in most jurisdictions) are often placed within the control of community agencies such as departments of human services or social welfare. In many cases parents themselves may have psychological problems, or suffer from drug or alcohol dependencies (Champion, 2009). On the contrary to the three previous parenting styles, the best and most recommended parenting style is to be an authoritative parent. Authoritative parents are firm but fair with consistent boundaries. Authoritarian parents are high on all aspects of nurturance, maturity demands, control and communication. Authoritative parents tend to have children that are more altruistic, have higher independence, and are more achievement oriented. However, not included with the four commonly know parenting styles, African-American families practice a style known as no-nonsense parenting, which is a style in between authoritarian and authoritative (Ewing, 2006). Research shows that the least amount of communication and structure the parents instill in the child, the more likely the child is to be active in delinquent activities. Also a major factor is the income of the family, usually when a dual income family has to work an immense amount of hours just to maintain a lifestyle just suitable to stay afloat, the parents are not home often enough to develop a relationship with their children and neglect them without even realizing it. Just as easily the same is a result of a single-parent dwelling as well (Black, 2010). Parents are more often times than not, the first disciplinary aspect we experience before anything else. According to Black, parents shape and shift children’s lives by the time they hit the age of 5. Jacob Ind a subject and victim of neglectful parenting along with abuse killed his parents as â€Å"the only way out† (PBS, 2007). Now as Jacob Ind is one story of many, he is just an example of how unjust parenting can result in juvenile delinquency and possibly even criminal behavior. Jacob Ind’s parents were neglectful and abusive parents which led Jacob into a path of wrong doing. Jacob was convicted of two counts of first-degree murder (PBS, 2007). Juvenile crime often goes undetected in homes with the permissive and neglectful parenting styles because of the low control, demands, and communication. The parent is often uninvolved and distant in the relationship with the child, if there is any at all. Authoritative parents tend to overcrowd their children and can create high amounts of stress and aggressiveness because they feel little to no room to relax without the constant worry of how their parent will react. As a parenting style plays a major role in the developing of a child and the prevention of crime and delinquency, a main area that is over-looked is the behavior in school. According to Dr.  Eric Lewkowiez, lack of positive role models aid in violent behavior because of an undetected disorder; for example, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and/or social ineptness. Other factors that would go undetected because of lack of interest shown by a parent or teacher could be bullying by peers, low grades because they simply do not understand the material in the same manor the rest of the classroom does, and the lack of ability to simply focus (Mirshak, 2011). In conclusion, parents are the shape-shifters of their children, as well as their child’s peers. If any activity seems unusual for a child, the most important thing is to not let it go unnoticed. Children need attention; however, they need the right attention. The best and most effective style of parenting for positive behavior is authoritative. No one parent is perfect nor does one parent always know what to do in a situation when their child is acting out or misbehaving, but approaching it at the best angle (authoritative) is the best deterrent for delinquent and criminal behavior.

The 31 Literary Devices You Must Know

The 31 Literary Devices You Must Know SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Need to analyze The Scarlet Letter or To Kill a Mockingbird for English class, but fumbling for the right vocabulary and concepts for literary devices? You’ve come to the right place. To successfully interpret and analyze literary texts, you’ll first need to have a solid foundation in literary terms and their definitions. In this article, we'll help you get familiar with most commonly used literary devices in prose and poetry. We'll give you a clear definition of each of the terms we discuss along with examples of literary elements and the context in which they most often appear (comedic writing, drama, or other). Before we get to the list of literary devices, however, we have a quick refresher on what literary devices are and how understanding them will help you analyze works of literature. What Are Literary Devices and Why Should You Know Them? Literary devices are techniques that writers use to create a special and pointed effect in their writing, to convey information, or to help readers understand their writing on a deeper level. Often, literary devices are used in writing for emphasis or clarity. Authors will also use literary devices to get readers to connect more strongly with either a story as a whole or specific characters or themes. So why is it important to know different literary devices and terms? Aside from helping you get good grades on your literary analysis homework, there are several benefits to knowing the techniques authors commonly use. Being able to identify when different literary techniques are being used helps you understand the motivation behind the author's choices. For example, being able to identify symbols in a story can help you figure out why the author might have chosen to insert these focal points and what these might suggest in regard to her attitude toward certain characters, plot points, and events. In addition, being able to identify literary devices can make a written work's overall meaning or purpose clearer to you. For instance, let's say you're planning to read (or re-read) The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe by C.S. Lewis. By knowing that this particular book is a religious allegory with references to Christ (represented by the character Aslan) and Judas (represented by Edmund), it will be clearer to you why Lewis uses certain language to describe certain characters and why certain events happen the way they do. Finally, literary techniques are important to know because they make texts more interesting and more fun to read. If you were to read a novel without knowing any literary devices, chances are you wouldn't be able to detect many of the layers of meaning interwoven into the story via different techniques. Now that we've gone over why you should spend some time learning literary devices, let's take a look at some of the most important literary elements to know. List of Literary Devices: 31 Literary Terms You Should Know Below is a list of literary devices, most of which you’ll often come across in both prose and poetry. We explain what each literary term is and give you an example of how it's used. This literary elements list is arranged in alphabetical order. Allegory An allegory is a story that is used to represent a more general message about real-life (historical) issues and/or events. It is typically an entire book, novel, play, etc. Example: George Orwell’s dystopian book Animal Farm is an allegory for the events preceding the Russian Revolution and the Stalinist era in early 20th century Russia. In the story, animals on a farm practice animalism, which is essentially communism. Many characters correspond to actual historical figures: Old Major represents both the founder of communism Karl Marx and the Russian communist leader Vladimir Lenin; the farmer, Mr. Jones, is the Russian Czar; the boar Napoleon stands for Joseph Stalin; and the pig Snowball represents Leon Trotsky. Alliteration Alliteration is a series of words or phrases that all (or almost all) start with the same sound. These sounds are typically consonants to give more stress to that syllable. You’ll often come across alliteration in poetry, titles of books and poems (Jane Austen is a fan of this device, for example- just look at Pride and Prejudice and Sense and Sensibility), and tongue twisters. Example: "Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers." In this tongue twister, the "p" sound is repeated at the beginning of all major words. Allusion Allusion is when an author makes an indirect reference to a figure, place, event, or idea originating from outside the text. Many allusions make reference to previous works of literature or art. Example: "Stop acting so smart- it’s not like you’re Einstein or something." This is an allusion to the famous real-life theoretical physicist Albert Einstein. Anachronism An anachronism occurs when there is an (intentional) error in the chronology or timeline of a text. This could be a character who appears in a different time period than when he actually lived, or a technology that appears before it was invented. Anachronisms are often used for comedic effect. Example: A Renaissance king who says, "That’s dope, dude!" would be an anachronism, since this type of language is very modern and not actually from the Renaissance period. Anaphora Anaphora is when a word or phrase is repeated at the beginning of multiple sentences throughout a piece of writing. It's used to emphasize the repeated phrase and evoke strong feelings in the audience. Example: A famous example of anaphora is Winston Churchill's "We Shall Fight on the Beaches" speech. Throughout this speech, he repeats the phrase "we shall fight" while listing numerous places where the British army will continue battling during WWII. He did this to rally both troops and the British people and to give them confidence that they would still win the war. Anthropomorphism An anthropomorphism occurs when something nonhuman, such as an animal, place, or inanimate object, behaves in a human-like way. Example: Children's cartoons have many examples of anthropomorphism. For example, Mickey and Minnie Mouse can speak, wear clothes, sing, dance, drive cars, etc. Real mice can't do any of these things, but the two mouse characters behave much more like humans than mice. Asyndeton Asyndeton is when the writer leaves out conjunctions (such as "and," "or," "but," and "for") in a group of words or phrases so that the meaning of the phrase or sentence is emphasized. It is often used for speeches since sentences containing asyndeton can have a powerful, memorable rhythm. Example: Abraham Lincoln ends the Gettysburg Address with the phrase "...and that government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the Earth." By leaving out certain conjunctions, he ends the speech on a more powerful, melodic note. Colloquialism Colloquialism is the use of informal language and slang. It's often used by authors to lend a sense of realism to their characters and dialogue. Forms of colloquialism include words, phrases, and contractions that aren't real words (such as "gonna" and "ain’t"). Example: "Hey, what’s up, man?" This piece of dialogue is an example of a colloquialism, since it uses common everyday words and phrases, namely "what’s up" and "man." Epigraph An epigraph is when an author inserts a famous quotation, poem, song, or other short passage or text at the beginning of a larger text (e.g., a book, chapter, etc.). An epigraph is typically written by a different writer (with credit given) and used as a way to introduce overarching themes or messages in the work. Some pieces of literature, such as Herman Melville’s 1851 novel Moby-Dick, incorporate multiple epigraphs throughout. Example: At the beginning of Ernest Hemingway’s book The Sun Also Rises is an epigraph that consists of a quotation from poet Gertrude Stein, which reads, "You are all a lost generation," and a passage from the Bible. Epistrophe Epistrophe is similar to anaphora, but in this case, the repeated word or phrase appears at the end of successive statements. Like anaphora, it is used to evoke an emotional response from the audience. Example: In Lyndon B. Johnson's speech, "The American Promise," he repeats the word "problem" in a use of epistrophe: "There is no Negro problem. There is no Southern problem. There is no Northern problem. There is only an American problem." Hemingway, deep in thought about what quotation to choose for his epigraph. Euphemism A euphemism is when a more mild or indirect word or expression is used in place of another word or phrase that is considered harsh, blunt, vulgar, or unpleasant. Example: "I’m so sorry, but he didn’t make it." The phrase "didn’t make it" is a more polite and less blunt way of saying that someone has died. Flashback A flashback is an interruption in a narrative that depicts events that have already occurred, either before the present time or before the time at which the narration takes place. This device is often used to give the reader more background information and details about specific characters, events, plot points, and so on. Example: Most of the novel Wuthering Heights by Emily Brontà « is a flashback from the point of view of the housekeeper, Nelly Dean, as she engages in a conversation with a visitor named Lockwood. In this story, Nelly narrates Catherine Earnshaw's and Heathcliff's childhoods, the pair's budding romance, and their tragic demise. Foreshadowing Foreshadowing is when an author indirectly hints at- through things such as dialogue, description, or characters’ actions- what’s to come later on in the story. This device is often used to introduce tension to a narrative. Example: Say you’re reading a fictionalized account of Amelia Earhart. Before she embarks on her (what we know to be unfortunate) plane ride, a friend says to her, "Be safe. Wouldn’t want you getting lost- or worse." This line would be an example of foreshadowing because it implies that something bad ("or worse") will happen to Earhart. Hyperbole Hyperbole is an exaggerated statement that's not meant to be taken literally by the reader. It is often used for comedic effect and/or emphasis. Example: "I’m so hungry I could eat a horse." The speaker will not literally eat an entire horse (and most likely couldn’t), but this hyperbole emphasizes how starved the speaker feels. Imagery Imagery is when an author describes a scene, thing, or idea so that it appeals to our senses (taste, smell, sight, touch, or hearing). This device is often used to help the reader clearly visualize parts of the story by creating a strong mental picture. Example: Here’s an example of imagery taken from William Wordsworth’s famous poem "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud": When all at once I saw a crowd,A host of golden Daffodils;Beside the Lake, beneath the trees,Fluttering and dancing in the breeze. Irony Irony is when a statement is used to express an opposite meaning than the one literally expressed by it. There are three types of irony in literature: Verbal irony: When someone says something but means the opposite (similar to sarcasm). Situational irony: When something happens that's the opposite of what was expected or intended to happen. Dramatic irony: When the audience is aware of the true intentions or outcomes, while the characters are not. As a result, certain actions and/or events take on different meanings for the audience than they do for the characters involved. Examples: Verbal irony: One example of this type of irony can be found in Edgar Allan Poe’s "The Cask of Amontillado." In this short story, a man named Montresor plans to get revenge on another man named Fortunato. As they toast, Montresor says, "And I, Fortunato- I drink to your long life." This statement is ironic because we the readers already know by this point that Montresor plans to kill Fortunato. Situational irony: A girl wakes up late for school and quickly rushes to get there. As soon as she arrives, though, she realizes that it’s Saturday and there is no school. Dramatic irony: In William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, Romeo commits suicide in order to be with Juliet; however, the audience (unlike poor Romeo) knows that Juliet is not actually dead- just asleep. Poe was a fan of irony- and ravens. Juxtaposition Juxtaposition is the comparing and contrasting of two or more different (usually opposite) ideas, characters, objects, etc. This literary device is often used to help create a clearer picture of the characteristics of one object or idea by comparing it with those of another. Example: One of the most famous literary examples of juxtaposition is the opening passage from Charles Dickens’ novel A Tale of Two Cities: "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair †¦" Malapropism Malapropism happens when an incorrect word is used in place of a word that has a similar sound. This misuse of the word typically results in a statement that is both nonsensical and humorous; as a result, this device is commonly used in comedic writing. Example: "I just can't wait to dance the flamingo!" Here, a character has accidentally called the flamenco (a type of dance) the flamingo (an animal). Metaphor/Simile Metaphors are when ideas, actions, or objects are described in non-literal terms. In short, it’s when an author compares one thing to another. The two things being described usually share something in common but are unalike in all other respects. A simile is a type of metaphor in which an object, idea, character, action, etc., is compared to another thing using the words "as" or "like." Both metaphors and similes are often used in writing for clarity or emphasis. Examples: "What light through yonder window breaks? It is the east, and Juliet is the sun." In this line from Romeo and Juliet, Romeo compares Juliet to the sun. However, because Romeo doesn’t use the words "as" or "like," it is not a simile- just a metaphor. "She is as vicious as a lion." Since this statement uses the word "as" to make a comparison between "she" and "a lion," it is a simile. Metonym A metonym is when a related word or phrase is substituted for the actual thing to which it's referring. This device is usually used for poetic or rhetorical effect. Example: "The pen is mightier than the sword." This statement, which was coined by Edward Bulwer-Lytton in 1839, contains two examples of metonymy: "the pen" refers to "the written word," and "the sword" refers to "military force/violence." Mood Mood is the general feeling the writer wants the audience to have. The writer can achieve this through description, setting, dialogue, and word choice. Example: Here's a passage from J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit: "It had a perfectly round door like a porthole, painted green, with a shiny yellow brass knob in the exact middle. The door opened on to a tube-shaped hall like a tunnel: a very comfortable tunnel without smoke, with panelled walls, and floors tiled and carpeted, provided with polished chairs, and lots and lots of pegs for hats and coats the hobbit was fond of visitors." In this passage, Tolkien uses detailed description to set create a cozy, comforting mood. From the writing, you can see that the hobbit's home is well-cared for and designed to provide comfort. Onomatopoeia Onomatopoeia is a word (or group of words) that represents a sound and actually resembles or imitates the sound it stands for. It is often used for dramatic, realistic, or poetic effect. Examples: Buzz, boom, chirp, creak, sizzle, zoom, etc. Oxymoron An oxymoron is a combination of two words that, together, express a contradictory meaning. This device is often used for emphasis, for humor, to create tension, or to illustrate a paradox (see next entry for more information on paradoxes). Examples: Deafening silence, organized chaos, cruelly kind, insanely logical, etc. The Penrose stairs = a classic example of a paradox. Are they going up or down?! Paradox A paradox is a statement that appears illogical or self-contradictory but, upon investigation, might actually be true or plausible. Note that a paradox is different from an oxymoron: a paradox is an entire phrase or sentence, whereas an oxymoron is a combination of just two words. Example: Here's a famous paradoxical sentence: "This statement is false." If the statement is true, then it isn’t actually false (as it suggests). But if it’s false, then the statement is true! Thus, this statement is a paradox because it is both true and false at the same time. Personification Personification is when a nonhuman figure or other abstract concept or element is described as having human-like qualities or characteristics. (Unlike anthropomorphism where non-human figures become human-like characters, with personification, the object/figure is simply described as being human-like.) Personification is used to help the reader create a clearer mental picture of the scene or object being described. Example: "The wind moaned, beckoning me to come outside." In this example, the wind- a nonhuman element- is being described as if it is human (it "moans" and "beckons"). Repetition Repetition is when a word or phrase is written multiple times, usually for the purpose of emphasis. It is often used in poetry (for purposes of rhythm as well). Example: When Lin-Manuel Miranda, who wrote the score for the hit musical Hamilton, gave his speech at the 2016 Tony’s, he recited a poem he’d written that included the following line: And love is love is love is love is love is love is love is love cannot be killed or swept aside. Satire Satire is genre of writing that criticizes something, such as a person, behavior, belief, government, or society. Satire often employs irony, humor, and hyperbole to make its point. Example: The Onion is a satirical newspaper and digital media company. It uses satire to parody common news features such as opinion columns, editorial cartoons, and click bait headlines. Soliloquy A type of monologue that's often used in dramas, a soliloquy is when a character speaks aloud to himself (and to the audience), thereby revealing his inner thoughts and feelings. Example: In Romeo and Juliet, Juliet’s speech on the balcony that begins with, "O Romeo, Romeo! Wherefore art thou Romeo?" is a soliloquy, as she is speaking aloud to herself (remember that she doesn't realize Romeo's there listening!). Symbolism Symbolism refers to the use of an object, figure, event, situation, or other idea in a written work to represent something else- typically a broader message or deeper meaning that differs from its literal meaning. The things used for symbolism are called "symbols," and they’ll often appear multiple times throughout a text, sometimes changing in meaning as the plot progresses. Example: In F. Scott Fitzgerald’s 1925 novel The Great Gatsby, the green light that sits across from Gatsby’s mansion symbolizes Gatsby’s hopes and dreams. Synecdoche A synecdoche is a literary device in which part of something is used to represent the whole, or vice versa. It's similar to a metonym (see above); however, a metonym doesn't have to represent the whole- just something associated with the word used. Example: "Help me out, I need some hands!" In this case, "hands" is being used to refer to people (the whole human, essentially). Tone While mood is what the audience is supposed to feel, tone isthe writer or narrator's attitude towards a subject. A good writer will always want the audience to feel the mood they're trying to evoke, but the audience may not always agree with the narrator's tone, especially if the narrator is an unsympathetic character or has viewpoints that differ from those of the reader. Example: In an essay disdaining Americans and some of the sites they visit as tourists, Rudyard Kipling begins with the line, "Today I am in the Yellowstone Park, and I wish I were dead." If you enjoy Yellowstone and/or national parks, you may not agree with the author's tone in this piece. Time to become your own Sherlock Holmes! How to Identify and Analyze Literary Devices: 4 Tips In order to fully interpret pieces of literature, you have to understand a lot about literary devices in the texts you read. Here are our top tips for identifying and analyzing different literary techniques: Tip 1: Read Closely and Carefully First off, you’ll need to make sure that you’re reading very carefully. Resist the temptation to skim or skip any sections of the text. If you do this, you might miss some literary devices being used and, as a result, will be unable to accurately interpret the text. If there are any passages in the work that make you feel especially emotional, curious, intrigued, or just plain interested, check that area again for any literary devices at play. It’s also a good idea to reread any parts you thought were confusing or that you didn't totally understand on a first read-through. Doing this ensures that you have a solid grasp of the passage (and text as a whole) and will be able to analyze it appropriately. Tip 2: Memorize Common Literary Terms You won’t be able to identify literary elements in texts if you don’t know what they are or how they’re used, so spend some time memorizing the literary elements list above. Knowing these (and how they look in writing) will allow you to more easily pinpoint these techniques in various types of written works. Tip 3: Know the Author’s Intended Audience Knowing what kind of audience an author intended her work to have can help you figure out what types of literary devices might be at play. For example, if you were trying to analyze a children’s book, you'd want to be on the lookout for child-appropriate devices, such as repetition and alliteration. Tip 4: Take Notes and Bookmark Key Passages and Pages This is one of the most important tips to know, especially if you're reading and analyzing works for English class. As you read, take notes on the work in a notebook or on a computer. Write down any passages, paragraphs, conversations, descriptions, etc., that jump out at you or that contain a literary device you were able to identify. You can also take notes directly in the book, if possible (but don’t do this if you’re borrowing a book from the library!). I recommend circling keywords and important phrases, as well as starring interesting or particularly effective passages and paragraphs. Lastly, use sticky notes or post-its to bookmark pages that are interesting to you or that have some kind of notable literary device. This will help you go back to them later should you need to revisit some of what you’ve found for a paper you plan to write. What’s Next? Looking for more in-depth explorations and examples of literary devices? Join us as we delve into imagery, personification, rhetorical devices, tone words and mood, and different points of view in literature, as well as some more poetry-specific terms like assonance and iambic pentameter. Reading The Great Gatsby for class or even just for fun? Then you'll definitely want to check out our expert guides on the biggest themes in this classic book, from love and relationships to money and materialism. Got questions about Arthur Miller's The Crucible? Read our in-depth articles to learn about the most important themes in this play and get a complete rundown of all the characters. For more information on your favorite works of literature, take a look at our collection of high-quality book guides and our guide to the 9 literary elements that appear in every story! Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. 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Kelloggs A Michigan Traded Company Essays - Kelloggs, Free Essays

Kelloggs A Michigan Traded Company Essays - Kelloggs, Free Essays Kelloggs A Michigan Traded Company Financial Statement Analysis Executive Summary Objective: Our goal in composing a financial statement is to construct the most comprehensive, thorough document possible, in order to attract investors and to confirm that we have taken the time to explore as many potential issues for your business as may arise. Summary of findings: Our level of cereal marketing investment early in 1998 was not sufficient in the face of extremely competitive market conditions. This situation hurt our volume performance for much of the year and, combined with other issues in markets around the world, led to a decline in both sales and earnings. Nonetheless, we continue to have the utmost confidence in the future of our grain-based businesses, and we are fully committed to return to both top-line and bottom-line growth. Appendix # 1- Market Research Description of firm and its management: Kellogg's products are manufactured in 20 countries on 6 Continents and distributed in more than 160 countries. Mr. Langbo has been employed by the Kellogg's Company since 1956. He was named President and Chief Operating Officer in 1990 and became Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer in 1992. In June of 1998, Mr. Carlos M. Gutierrez was named President and Chief Operating Officer. The competitive environment: The Company has experienced intense competition for sales of all of its principal products in its major markets, both domestically and internationally. The Company's products compete with advertised and branded products of a similar nature as well as unadvertised and private label products, which are typically distributed at lower prices, and generally with other food products with different characteristics. Principal methods and factors for competition include new product introductions, product quality, composition, and nutritional value, price, advertising and promotion. Economic climate and outlook: Although our 1998 business results were below our performance expectation, it was a year in which we put in place key elements of a stronger foundation for future growth. This included investments in new product development and a complete overhaul of our corporate headquarters and North American organizational structure. Should suitable investment opportunities of working capital needs arise that would require additional financing; management believes that the Company's strong credit rating, balance sheet and earnings history provide a base for obtaining additional financial

Explain three (3) world arguments for birth control and two (2) world Essay

Explain three (3) world arguments for birth control and two (2) world arguments against birth control. Give original examples (not in the textbooks) or further clarification of each viewpoint or position - Essay Example ore necessary to re-examine some old and new arguments for birth control because the reasons are valid and make tremendous sense to any sensible person concerned with human life. Some people have raised these alarms many times but were just ignored over the years. The foremost argument for birth control is an old one, raised several centuries ago by a famous English scholar and political economist Thomas Robert Malthus (1766-1834). He argued that human populations are subject to the same limiting factors as any other living species in the world such as famine, diseases and available food supplies. Human populations tend to grow or outstrip increases in food supplies and would simply result in majority of humans suffering under a cloud of hunger and misery. This is very much evident today in various parts of the world such as Africa where famines occur regularly. Moreover, the total arable land has decreased over the years due to increasing development and the rise of urbanization, reducing the area available for food production. Additionally, human activities have led to pollution of water supplies, which make potable water difficult to obtain in many areas and droughts also caused supply scarcity. The worlds natural resources are mostly finite in nature, and any increase in humans will surely contribute to depletion of these supplies. Water, food and energy are not readily or always renewable in limitless quantities and some form of birth control has to be instituted. The world is definitely reaching its limits that can sustain an acceptable level in the quality of life. A consequence of increased human populations is the issue of global warming. Climate change is now upon us and this has affected everything on Earth, including the ability to raise the food crops necessary for survival and the water supplies for irrigation. More people means more carbon footprint and harmful gas emissions that contribute to the worsening of global warming. On the other hand,

Role of IGR and Communication in Public Administration Essay

Role of IGR and Communication in Public Administration - Essay Example One such way is through shaping the work of governmental institutions. One situation that helps to illustrate this is the â€Å"Wichita Confronts Contamination† case study. In 1990, the Kansas Department of Health and Environment (KDHE) in partnership with Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) gave a disturbing report concerning Wichita, Kansas (Stillman, 2009). According to the report, Wichita sat on a large polluted underground lake. The causes of the all the pollution involved different commercial and industrial chemicals. The contamination spread at a faster rate coupled with fears that it could cause serious health complications such as cancer. The polluted aquifer lay directly below the city’s central business district. Banks, residential homes and industries lay within the six-square mile area. The reaction of the local communities involved persistent calls on the government to respond and do something serious to relieve the situation. In addition to that, the ba nking sector also stopped giving loans to residents and business owners within Gilbert-Mosley area. The banks became more careful demanding certain requirements before giving out loans. To this effect, banks required inspection of sites and analysis of water and soil samples from a prospective businessperson before granting loan to individuals. The 1990 Listing Site Investigation was the first comprehensive report on the adverse contamination of Wichita. The City Manager’s office estimated that it would cost $20 million to clean the aquifer. The negative thing about the entire process was that it would take as many as 20 years. The Kansas Department of Health and Environment (KDHE) report recommended only two options to remedy the situation. These were either for the companies responsible for the contamination to undertake joint cleaning of the area or for the state to push the inclusion of the contaminated area in the National Priority Listing. This problem had serious effec ts for the city. The potential economic impact would drain the city of its economic achievements. About 508 businesses got identification as Potential Responsible Parties as determined by the Superfund Law. The city’s tax base faced risk from liability and bank-imposed real estate freeze. Cherches, who was at the time the city manager, had the responsibility to map a way forward in solving the problem. He took into account the two recommendations given by KDHE. The most important things to the city were to clean the aquifer and maintain the values of properties. They could only achieve this if the banks agreed to continue giving loans. Finally, the city manager decided to throw out the two options suggested by KDHE and came with a third option. The city was to take full responsibility for the cleanup. This presented the question of how to raise funds to finance for the cleanup. The dilemma presented a number of intergovernmental relations (IGR) actors. These included the busi ness owners, KDHE, EPA, the city manager’s office, Wichita City Council, the school board, lenders and the state legislature. Each of these actors had a role to play in ensuring proper representation of interests. KDHE, for instance, had a reputation to uphold. The Wichita School Board and Sedgwick County Council’s tax base faced destabilization. Banks had a role to pay in ensuring that Wichita’